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Whenever we have a free afternoon, my nine-year-old and I visit our favorite bookshop. By now, we have a routine. Ella makes a beeline to the graphic novels. Her favorite bookssuch as Smile, Roller Girl, and The New Girlare part of a new genre of graphic novels that has emerged over the past decade-and-a-half specifically targeted at eight-12-year-olds. The books’ illustrations are colorful and fun, but the stories tackle serious issues: Mending broken relationships; confronting social anxiety; dealing with siblings and parents. Unlike prose, which takes her days to read, Ella will binge these graphic novels in less than an hour. But she’ll come back again and again to the ones she loves, as if they’re guidebooks for navigating life’s tricky situations. Still, at this pace, we need a constant stream of them. Fortunately for her, we’re in a golden age of graphic novels. Publishers are now churning out thousands of new titles every year for readers of all ages, from the youngest readers to adults. Graphic novelists are pushing the boundaries of the art form, telling a wide range of stories in varied illustration styles. And more people than ever are reading these books. Since 2019, sales of graphic novels in the U.S. have doubled to 35 million books a year, a number behind only general fiction and romance. [Cover Images: Little Brown Ink, First Second/Macmillan] Graphic novelsa term interchangeably used with comic booksare particularly popular among young children still building their literacy skills. Surveys show that in recent years, graphic novels have increased in popularity by 69% among elementary school children. Several publishers now have specific children’s imprints devoted to graphic novels, including Macmillan’s First Second and Hachette’s Little, Brown Ink. My husband and I have observed Ella’s love of graphic novels with curiosity and, if we’re honest, a little skepticism. We’re not alone. More than half of school librarians report that parents and teachers oppose the genre and don’t think it’s a legitimate form of literature. This hesitation makes sense. Most millennial parents didn’t grow up with graphic novels and they now have questions about how these books will shape their child’s lifelong relationship to reading. Will kids ever make the leap to more traditional prose? And ultimately, does it matter? A Los Angeles city councilman holding horror and crime comics, purchased ca. 1954 [Photo: Los Angeles Daily News/Wiki Commons] How Comics got a bad name Comics first emerged in the early 1900s, when newspapers published humorous serialized comic strips. (Think: Peanuts, Beetle Bailey.) In the 1940s, the comics industry exploded, as creators told stories across many genres including horror, crime, and perhaps most famously, superheroes. By the ’50s, Superman comics were selling at a rate of 1.5 million copies a month. Then came a backlash. Comics of this era were often written for adults, depicting violence, drugs, and sex. In 1954, the psychologist Fredric Wertham wrote the book, Seduction of the Innocent: The Influence of Comic Books on Todays Youth, which asserted that comics had a negative impact on children, pushing deviant sexual practices on them. (His examples now seem far-fetched and prudish, including the bondage subtext of Wonder Woman’s lasso, and homosexual undertones of Batman and Robin’s relationship.) [Image: Comics Code Authority] The U.S. government began to worry about how comics were influencing American youth. At a Senate hearing in 1954 about comics’s deleterious impact on society, mainstream publishers agreed to censor themselves, self-imposing a restrictive Comics Code, which ensured that all comics would be safe for children to read. Meanwhile, creators of comics with more adult themes went underground, selling their work on the black market. Comics as an art form regressed, says Eva Volin, supervising children’s librarian at the AlamedaFree Library in California. Many comics publishers went out of business. By the time I was growing up in the ’80s and ’90s, comics as a genre had largely petered out. The series that remained were formulaic and tamelike Dilbert or Garfieldrather than the rich, exciting stories from previous decades. There was still a community of superhero fans reading DC and Marvel comics, but they didn’t have the same kind of widespread appeal. The attacks on comics had a chilling effect that persisted for decades, Volin says. Some people continue to see comics as something base and potentially harmful. But in the midst of this dearth, small communities of comics-lovers persisted, says Robin Brenner, head of reference and programming at the Woburn Public Library outside Boston. Some scratched the itch by turning to Manga, a comics style from Japan that spanned a wide range of genres and ages. By the early 2000s, Japanese publishers were translating and exporting these books around the world. There was also a new subculture bubbling online around webcomics, where creators published serialized stories on the internet that dropped once a week. American publishers took note. “[Publishers] suddenly realized there could be an enormous market for comics that told different kinds of stories, for different audiences, says Brenner. [Cover Images: Little Brown Ink, First Second/Macmillan] The New Genre of Tween Graphic Novels Tori Sharp, a 30-year-old graphic novelist, has always loved comics. I found that so much voice could come through the artwork, Sharp says. There’s something that feels like you are a step closer to the creator than you can get with prose. It feels so intimate. Tori Sharp [Image: Sabreen Lakhani/courtesy Little, Brown Ink] Throughout her childhood, though, she struggled to find books in the genre. Even a decade ago, when she was in art school at SCAD, the library had only a handful of well-known titles, such as Maus and Persepolis. But as she was training to be an artist, the plate tectonics in the children’s graphic novel market was shifting. One breakthrough moment happened in 2010 when Scholastic published Raina Telgemeier’s book Smile, a graphic novel about a sixth grader who injures her two front teeth and must wear embarrassing headgear. The relatable story, with its colorful illustrations, was an instant hit among early readers and middle schoolers. It sold tens of thousands of copies the year it was released, and a decade later it was selling hundreds of thousands of copies annually. Telgemeier went on to create many other bestsellers, including a graphic novel version of The Baby-Sitters Club. [Image: Scholastic] Andrea Colvin, the editorial director of graphic publishing at Little, Brown Ink, says that Telgemeier ushered in a new genre of comics targeted at tweens. Soon, all children’s publishers were eager to acquire books by talented graphic novelists focused on the topics that middle-grade readers cared about. It was such an exciting moment, says Colvin. There was this new medium for children to process stories. In her role at Little, Brown Ink, Colvin brought Sharp on to create graphic novels for middle-grade readers. For Sharp, this was an opportunity to create the kinds of books she had craved as a child. Her first graphic novel, published in 2021, is a memoir that explains how Sharp dealt with her parents’ divorce by living in her imagination. I had thought about writing the story as fiction, with a little dragon whose parents got divorced, she says. But I felt that telling a story that kids would know was true could be really helpful if they were dealing with this particular issue. Many parents are turned off by the fact that kids go through graphic novels quickly, taking it as sign that these books aren’t as substantial as prose. But Sharp doesn’t see it that way. One of the most beautiful things about graphic novels is how quick they are to read, she says. “It allows kids to cycle through different stories, find one they connect with, and spend a lot of time with that particular story. Kids often read books with characters a few years older than they are, dealing with issues they’re curious about. Today, graphic novels are often the first books that elementary-school students will seek out for themselves and read on their own. And this is likely to shape a child’s lifelong relationship to reading. This is a formative period in a child’s life, says Namrata Tripathi, founder and publisher of Kokila, a children’s book imprint at Penguin Young Readers. Their experiences with reading in these years will shape how they feel about literature as adults. [Cover Images: Little Brown Ink, First Second/Macmillan] Graphic Novels and Parents’ Angst When publishers first started making graphic novels for young children in the 2010s, there was a lot of opposition. This resistance persists. According to the School Library Journal’s most recent survey, 55% of librarians said teachers opposed them because they were not real books, while 48% said parents felt this way. Their concern comes at a time when there’s been a steep decline in children’s reading. Scholastic has found that as children go from elementary to high school, there’s a dramatic decline in their reading enjoyment (from 70% to 46%) as well as in reading frequency (46% to 15%). Scholastic says that one reason for this is that children are increasingly spending time on screens, particularly in their tween and teen years. To many parents and educators, it’s unclear whether graphic novels are making the problem better or worse. With their bold illustrations and shorter word counts, the genre seems tailored to kids immersed in the deeply visual, high-velocity world of TV and video games. But these caregivers worry that kids will never make the transition to reading prose, that they’ll end up in college without having read an entire book. But new data suggests that graphic novels actually do help cultivate lifelong readers of prose. A 2023 survey from the National Literacy Trust found that children who read graphic novels in their free time were twice as likely to enjoy reading more overall and rated themselves good readers as compared to those that did not read graphic novels. To Tripathi, this makes sense. As parents, we can feel a certain pressure to make reading very metrics-oriented, wanting them to read books of a certain length or with a certain number of words, she says. “We forget that the kid who is going to stay a reader is one who loves reading, who associates it with a kind of pleasure, joy, curiosity, and fulfillment. [Cover Image: First Second/Macmillan] Publishers have had to fight to show the world that graphic novels are a legitimate form of literature. The graphic novel imprint First Second, for instance, has been instrumental in this effort. Macmillan launched it in 2006, when graphic novels had only a small, niche audience. But from the start, it focused on acquiring books for children that pushed the boundaries of art and storytelling; many of its books have received prestigious awards. One of the first books it ever published, American Born Chinese, was a finalist for the National Book award. I can’t stress enough how important the destigmatization process was, says Jon Yaged, CEO of Macmillan. Nobody can deny the literary merit of graphic novels anymore. With parents so fixated on making sure our kids are hitting literacy milestones, many haven’t noticed that children are developing an entirely new form of literacy that we don’t have. Many adults find graphic novels foreign and intimidating because it takes time to learn how to read them. Kids are now fluent in a kind of visual literacy that their parents don’t even recognize as a skillset, says Tripathi. They have a nuanced understanding of symbols. They’re able to understand what is happening in the blank spaces between the panels. As I see Ella’s well-worn piles of graphic novels around the house, I think about how my daughter has access to an entire universe of storytelling that I didn’t have. And as the graphic-novel industry keeps growing, publishers are now working to create books for adults who grew up loving the format. The First Second team is now launching an entirely new imprint called 23rd Street Books that is devoted to adults. Ella will benefit from this explosion of literature in graphic novel form. We used to be the lone kooks in the wilderness, says Calista Brill, editorial director at First Second, who will serve the same role at 23rd Street. But comics aren’t niche anymore. For people like me, who love comics, a new world is opening up. Phenomenal creators are creating books that touch on every topic you can imagine, and the possibilities are endless.
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Workweeks can go by in a flash. Starting a day can feel like getting on a roller coaster. Strap in, and almost before you can blink, the day is over. And then it is time to start it again. Because you can get immersed in the chaos of the day so quickly, the momentary emotions you experience as you move from one task to another probably get lost in the shuffle. As Barbara Fredrickson and Daniel Kahneman pointed out, though, most of our lives are really experienced through our memories of events rather than the moment of those events themselves. Paradoxically, then, you want to think about how to create memories of a happy work life rather than maximizing the happiness youre experiencing in the moment. As an analogy to better understand why this approach works, think about your experience of the passage of time. In the moment, time seems longest when you are bored and can pay attention to the passage of time. But then when you are looking back at things, time seems longest when you are doing the most new things that serve as landmarks in your memory for time that has passed. So, days that seem long dont feel long when you look back on them, but days that fly by may seem long in memory. Understand the paradox of ambition You are energized by dissatisfaction. Engaging in a goal to perform an action requires that there is something you would like to achieve or something you would like to avoid and you have not yet succeeded. After all, if you have everything you want in life, there is no reason to do anything. One place that manifests at work is in the desire for promotion and recognition. When you aspire to another role or greater responsibility, you derive your motivational energy from being dissatisfied with your current situation. That can cause you to focus on aspects of your current role or employer that are less than ideal. On a day-to-day basis, then, your ambition is going to make you feel less positively about work than you would if you were satisfied with your role. That doesnt mean that you cant be happy if youre ambitious. You have to find your satisfaction by looking at your trajectory rather than at your current state. Feel good about improvements in your skills and the things you have accomplished. Focus on the relationships you have developed at work and the impact your work is having. By expanding your time horizon for thinking about your work, you can enable yourself to be both ambitious and also pleased with your progress. Celebrate your wins Because you probably have a lot on your to-do list, it is common to complete a task and immediately move on to the next thing. As a result, you focus on the intensity of the work youre doing, but dont have an opportunity to reflect on the value of something you have finished. Take the time to celebrate the wins you participate in. When a client signs a contract, a sale closes, or a report gets distributed to a big audience, take a little victory lap. Reflect on the impact that your work is having on your organization and the people it serves. Those few moments you spend in celebration will help you to remember the important influence your work has on the success of your team and your organization. That will increase your overall satisfaction with your work. Look for joy moments Sometimes, there arent natural chances to celebrate a particular win. That doesnt mean that you arent contributing to important positive outcomes. You may have to seek out chances to enjoy the work youre doing and its impact. If you have a really enjoyable and productive meeting with a team, call it out at the end. Talk about how much you enjoy the time you spend with them. If your work contributes to positive outcomes you dont see directly, find ways to acknowledge those as well. I encourage the staff I work with at the University of Texas to walk outside during the busy times of the semester to remind themselves that the work they do is contributing to the college experiences of so many students. While they may not see the direct influence of a specific project on students, without this collective effort, those blissful college years would not be as rich. Celebrate your colleagues Often (particularly if you are ambitious) you may treat the accolades and successes in your organization as a zero-sum gamemeaning that if someone else hits a home run or gets acknowledged for their contribution, then that diminishes your own standing. But that’s simply not true. You and your colleagues are all on the same team. If a colleague gets a promotion, lands a big sale, or solves a huge problem, celebrate their efforts. Take pride in being on the team with other talented people. This shared joy in the successes of others creates a sense of camaraderie that brings satisfaction to your work. It also lays the groundwork for other people to share genuinely in your successes. After all, the world could always use a little more celebration. Embrace every opportunity to share the joy of your community.
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E-Commerce
Even tech giant Apple couldn’t prevent its artificial intelligence from making things up. Last month, the company suspended its AI-powered news alert feature after it falsely claimed a murder suspect had shot himself, one of several fabricated headlines that appeared under trusted news organizations’ logos. The embarrassing pullback came despite Apple’s vast resources and technical expertise. Most users probably weren’t fooled by the more obvious errors, but the incident highlights a growing challenge. Companies are racing to integrate AI into everything from medical advice to legal documents to financial services, often prioritizing speed over safety. Many of these applications push the technology beyond its current capabilities, creating risks that aren’t always obvious to users. “The models are not failing,” says Maria De-Arteaga, an assistant professor at the University of Texas at Austin McCombs School of Business. “We’re deploying the models for things that they’re not fit for purpose. As the technology becomes more embedded in daily life, researchers and educators face two distinct hurdles: teaching people to use these tools responsibly rather than over-relying on them while also convincing AI skeptics to learn enough about the technology to be informed citizens, even if they choose not to use it. The goal isn’t simply to try to “fix” the AI, but to learn its shortcomings and develop the skills to use it wisely. It’s reminiscent of how early internet users had to learn to navigate online information, eventually understanding that while Wikipedia might be a good starting point for research, it shouldn’t be cited as a primary source. Just as digital literacy became essential for participating in modern democracy, AI literacy is becoming fundamental to understanding and shaping our future. At the heart of these AI mishaps are the hallucinations and distortions that lead AI models to generate false information with seeming confidence. The problem is pervasive: In one 2024 study, chatbots got basic academic citations wrong between 30% and 90% of the time, mangling paper titles, author names, and publication dates. While tech companies promise these hallucinations can be tamed through better engineering, De-Arteaga says researchers are finding that they may be fundamental to how the technology works. She points to a paper from OpenAIthe same company that partnered with Apple for news summarizationwhich concluded that well-calibrated language models must hallucinate as part of their creative process. If they were constrained to only produce factual information, they would cease to function effectively. “From a mathematical and technical standpoint, this is what the models are designed to do,” De-Arteaga says. Teaching literacy As researchers acknowledge that AI hallucinations are inevitable and humans naturally tend to put too much trust in machines, educators and employers are stepping in to teach people how to use these tools responsibly. California recently passed a law requiring AI literacy to be incorporated into K-12 curricula starting this fall. And the European Unions AI Act, which went into effect on February 5, requires organizations that use AI in their products to implement AI literacy programs. “AI literacy is incredibly important right now, especially as we’re trying to figure out what are the policies, what are the boundaries, what do we want to accept as the new normal,” says Victor Lee, an associate professor in the Graduate School of Education at Stanford University. “Right now, people who know more speak really confidently and are able to direct things, and there needs to be more societal consensus.” Lee sees parallels to how society adapted to previous technologies. “Think about calculatorsto this day, there are still divides about when to use a calculator in K-12, how much you should know versus how much the calculator should be the source of things,” he says. “With AI, we’re having that same conversation often with writing as the example.” Under California’s new law, AI literacy education must include understanding how AI systems are developed and trained, their potential impacts on privacy and security, and the social and ethical implications of AI use. The EU goes further, requiring companies that produce AI products to train applicable staff to have the “skills, knowledge and understanding that allow providers, deployers and affected persons . . . to make an informed deployment of AI systems, as well as to gain awareness about the opportunities and risks of AI and possible harm it can cause. Both frameworks emphasize that AI literacy isn’t just technical knowledge but about developing critical thinking skills to evaluate AI’s appropriate use in different contexts. Amid a marketing onslaught by Big Tech companies, the challenge facing educators is complex. Recent research published in the Journal of Marketing shows that people with less understanding of AI are actually more likely to embrace the technology, viewing it as almost magical. The researchers say this lower literacy-higher receptivity link suggests that companies may benefit from shifting their marketing efforts and product development towards consumers with lower AI literacy. The goal isn’t to dampen openness to new technology, educators say, but to combine it with critical thinking skills that help people understand both AI’s potential and its limitations. Thats especially important for people who tend to lack access to the technology, or who are simply skeptical or fearful about AI. For Lee, successful AI literacy requires seeing through the magic. “The anxiety and uncertainty feeds a lot of the skepticism and doubt or non-willingness to even try AI,” he says. “Seeing that AI is actually a bunch of different things, and not a sentient, talking computer, and that it’s not even really talking, but just spitting out patterns that are appropriate, is part of what AI literacy would help to instill.” At the City University of New York, Luke Waltzer, director of the Teaching and Learning Center at the schools Graduate Center, is leading a project to help faculty develop approaches for teaching AI literacy within their disciplines. “Nothing about their adoption or their integration into our ways of thinking is inevitable,” Waltzer says. “Students need to understand that these tools have a material basisthey’re made by men and women, they have labor implications, they have an ecological impact.” The project, backed by a $1 million grant from Google, will work with 75 professors over three years to develop teaching methods that examine AI’s implications across different fields. Materials and tools developed through the project will be distributed publicly so other educators can benefit from CUNYs work. “We’ve seen the hype cycles around massively open online courses that were going to transform education,” Waltzer says. “Generative AI is distinct from some of those trends, but there’s definitely a lot o hype. Three years lets things settle. We will be able to see the future more clearly.” Such initiatives are spreading rapidly across higher education. The University of Florida aims to integrate AI into every undergraduate major and graduate program. Barnard College has created a “pyramid” approach that gradually builds students’ AI literacy from basic understanding to advanced applications. At Colby College, a private liberal arts college in Maine, students are beefing up their literacy with the use of a custom portal that lets them test and compare different chatbots. Around 100 universities and community colleges have launched AI credentials, according to research from the Center for Security and Emerging Technology, with degree conferrals in AI-related fields increasing 120% since 2011. Beyond the classroom For most people, learning to navigate AI means sorting through corporate marketing claims with little guidance. Unlike students who will soon have formal AI education, adults must figure out on their own when to trust these increasingly prevalent toolsand when they’re being oversold by companies eager to recoup massive AI investments. This self-directed learning is happening quickly: LinkedIn found that workers are adding AI literacy skills such as prompt engineering and proficiencies with tools like ChatGPT at nearly five times the rate of other professional skills. As universities and lawmakers try to keep up, tech companies are offering their own classes and certifications. Nvidia recently announced a partnership with California to train 100,000 students, educators, and workers in AI, while companies like Google and Amazon Web Services offer their own AI certification programs. Intel aims to train 30 million people in AI skills by 2030. In addition to free online AI skills courses offered by institutions like Harvard University and the University of Pennsylvania, people can also learn AI basics from companies like IBM, Microsoft, and Google. “AI literacy is like digital literacyit’s a thing,” De-Arteaga says. “But who should teach it? Meta and Google would love to be teaching you their view of AI.” Instead of relying on companies with a vested interest in selling you on AIs utility, Hare suggests starting with AI tools in areas where you have expertise, so you can recognize both their utility and limitations. A programmer might use AI to help write code more efficiently while being able to spot bugs and security issues that a novice would miss. The key is combining hands-on experience with guidance from trusted third parties who can provide unbiased information about AI’s capabilities, particularly in high-stakes areas like healthcare, finance, and defense. “AI literacy isn’t just about how a model works or how to create a dataset,” she says. “It’s about understanding where AI fits in society. Everyonefrom kids to retireeshas a stake in this conversation, and we need to capture all those perspectives.
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E-Commerce
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